Department of Clinical Pharmacology

.........................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION................................................................................11 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE...........................................................14 1. Epidemiology of poisonings……………………………………………………...14 2. Management of acute drug poisonings………………………………...………....15 3. Gastrointestinal decontamination methods…………….………………...……….17 3.1. Activated charcoal…………………………………………………………..17 3.1.1. General aspects of charcoal…………………………………..………..17 3.1.2. In vitro studies………………………………….…………….………..18 3.1.3. Volunteer studies…………………………………….……….………..18 3.1.4. Clinical studies……………………………………………….………...21 3.1.5. The position of activated charcoal…………………………….……….22 3.2. Gastric lavage…………………………………………………..…………...23 3.2.1. General aspects of lavage…………………………………….………..23 3.2.2. Volunteer studies……………………………………………..………..24 3.2.3. Clinical studies…………………………………………….…………...25 3.2.4. The position of gastric lavage………………………………………….27 3.3. Whole-bowel irrigation………………………………..…………………….27 3.3.1. General aspects of whole-bowel irrigation………………….…………27 3.3.2. In vitro studies…………………………………….…………………...28 3.3.3. Volunteer studies ………………………………………….…………..28 3.3.4. The position of whole-bowel irrigation…………………….………….29 4. Some aspects of the study drugs……………………………...………….……….30 4.1 Carbamazepine……………………………………………………………….30 4.2. Citalopram………………………………………………………….……….31 4.3. Diazepam……………………………………………………….….………..32 4.4. Ibuprofen…………………………………………………………...……….33 4.5. Moclobemide…………………………………………………….………….34 4.6. Temazepam……………………………………………………….…………35 4.7. Theophylline…………………………………………………….…………..35 4.8. Verapamil……………………………………………………….…………..37 AIMS OF THE STUDY.........................................................................39 MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................40 1. Subjects………………………………………….……………...………………..40